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urban bias
Urban bias refers to a political economy argument according to which economic development is hampered by groups who, by their central location in urban areas, are able to pressure governments to protect their interests. It is a structural condition of overurbanization and its growth leads to saturated urban labour market, truncated opportunity structures in rural areas, overburdened public services, distorted sectoral development in national economies, the isolation of large segments of the urban and rural population from the fruits of economic development, and retarded economic growth due to the high costs of urban development.〔Gugler J. 'Overurbanization reconsidered' ''Econ. Dev. Cult. Change'' 31:173-189. (1982)〕〔Bairoch, P. ''Cities and Economic Development From the Dawn of History to the Present''.' (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1988)〕〔Lipton M. 'Why poor people stay poor: urban bias in world development.'(Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977)〕
Groups often said to have an 'urban bias' include governments, political parties, labor unions, students, laws, civil servants and manufacturers. These interests are portrayed as often not reflecting the comparative economic advantage of the country, usually a less-industrialized country whose comparative advantage is considered to be export agriculture.
Among the leading scholars to claim urban bias are Michael Lipton〔 and Robert H. Bates.〔''Markets and States in Tropical Africa'' (Los Angeles: California UP, 1981)〕
The notion of urban bias is particularly popular among those who advocate neoliberal economic policies. Many World Bank publications〔() - recent WTO discussions on agriculture〕 use the notion of urban bias to support policies oriented toward export agriculture.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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